Direct injection engines deliver fuel at high pressure directly into the combustion chamber. When the fuel spray strikes surfaces such as the piston crown or liner, a thin liquid film forms. This film ...

Port fuel injection (PFI) was a major milestone in the early '80s. The integration of PFI rapidly changed the way fuel was delivered by increasing fuel economy and improving engine performance. Even ...

The study reveals the mechanisms behind wall film formation, a key contributor to particulate matter emissions under cold fuel conditions The growing concerns about air pollution and its harmful ...

However, not all innovations are equal, and nor do they follow a constant upward trend. Instead, their evolution takes the form of an S-shaped curve that reflects their typical lifecycle from early ...

With direct injection, engines can run with higher compression ratios, higher boost, and higher efficiencies. The marvel has lead to widespread downsizing of engines, ditching large naturally ...