The sex of an individual is typically assigned at birth based on the appearance of the external genitalia. Chromosomal testing can determine whether a person is biologically male (1 X chromosome and 1 ...

Laboratory testing supports most clinical decision-making; however, the concept of a fixed “normal” value is theoretical. Studies have suggested that approximately 7 out of 10 clinical decisions rely ...

In medicine, a person’s blood-test results are compared with the average range in a population. But results are highly individual and tightly regulated around a person’s own stable values. Changes to ...

Although clinicians understand the importance of reference ranges for the interpretation of laboratory results, they may not consider that a borderline result outside the analytically valid reference ...