Graphene’s remarkable electronic mobility and gate-tunable optical conductivity have spurred intensive research into its use as an active medium for optical modulators. Modulation schemes based on ...

Bias control in optical modulators is critical to maintain optimal operating points and ensure high-fidelity signal transmission. Environmental fluctuations such as ...

Engineered Ag–Si interfacial plasmonic modes enable deconvolution-verified sub-100 fs all-optical modulation, overcoming the temporal bottleneck imposed by electron–phonon relaxation in conventional ...

A deep reinforcement learning framework optimizes silicon-based photonic crystal fiber modulators, achieving ultra-low ...