The gauge bosons of the standard model of particle physics are responsible for three of the four known forces in the universe, conveyed through the exchange of virtual bosons. In electromagnetism, the ...

Cosmic strings are hypothesised one-dimensional topological defects formed during symmetry-breaking phase transitions in the early Universe. As these strings evolve, they intersect and form loops ...

Eight decades have passed since physicists realized that the theories of quantum mechanics and gravity don’t fit together, and the puzzle of how to combine the two remains unsolved. In the last few ...

AS THE bell rings for the final round, both fighters are in their corners. The heavyweight champion is panting, against the ropes. The underdog is sprawled on the opposite side, bruised, tired but ...

Paul M. Sutter is an astrophysicist at The Ohio State University, host of Ask a Spaceman and "Space Radio," and author of "Your Place in the Universe." Sutter contributed this article to Space.com's ...