Calculus of variations provides a unifying language for problems in which the state or trajectory of a system is determined by extremising an energy or action functional. Rooted in classical mechanics ...

Variational methods on graphs extend the classical calculus of variations to discrete structures, treating vertices and edges as the domain for differential‐like operators. By associating an energy ...

Calculus to the level of ODEs, partial derivative and multiple integrals, some knowledge of PDEs helpful but not essential. Students should have a certain comfort level with dealing with advanced ...