Let $r(t)$ be the reference of angular position, $y(t)$ the angular position, $u(t)$ the control signal, and $e(t)$ the tracking error. First, a relay experiment ...

Abstract: Electric Vehicles (EVs) are increasingly preferred over Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles due to their eco-friendliness. Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are ideal for EVs because of their ...